[x] leadeR
EMELIA
[x] group members
[x] SHERMAINE
[x] VICTORIA
[x] DORA
[x] tkgs
[x] 1e4'07
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zheng he's ship
zheng he's voyages
zheng he's tomb
zheng he's ship
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On Zheng He's first voyage, he travelled to 11 places from 1405-1407. The places are Champa, Java, Palembang, Malacca, Aru, Sumatra, Lambri, Ceylon, Kollam, Cochin, Calicut.
On his second voyage, he travelled to 8 places from 1407-1408. The places are Champa, Java, Siam, Sumatra, Lambri, Calicut, Cochin, Ceylon.
And on Zheng He's third voyage, he travelled to 13 places from 1409-1411. The places are Champa, Java, Malacca, Sumatra, Ceylon, Quilon, Cochin, Calicut, Siam, Lambri, Kaya, Coimbatore, Puttanpur.
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Zheng He's MissionsBetween 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored a series of seven naval expeditions. Emperor Yongle designed these naval expeditions in order to make the Chinese presence known to other people, impose imperial control over trade, and impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin. He also might have wanted to extend the tributary system, by which Chinese dynasties traditionally recognized foreign peoples.
Zheng He was the admiral in control of the huge fleet and armed forces that undertook these expeditions. Zheng He's first voyage consisted of 317 ships holding almost twenty-eight thousand troops. Many of these ships were "treasure ships" which were by far the largest ships the world had ever seen.
On the first three voyages, Zheng He visited southeast Asia, India, and Ceylon. The fourth expedition was to the Persian Gulf and Arabia, and later expeditions ventured down the east African coast, as far as Malindi in what is now Kenya.
Throughout his travels, Zheng He dispensed Chinese gifts of silk, porcelain, and other goods. In return, he received rich and unusual presents from his hosts, including African zebras and giraffes that were later sent to the Ming imperial zoo.
Zheng He and his company paid respects to local deities and customs, and in Ceylon they made a monument honouring Buddha, Allah, and Vishnu.
Zheng He generally sought to attain his goals through diplomacy, and his large army awed most would-be enemies into submission. But a contemporary reported that Zheng He "walked like a tiger", and used violence when he considered it necessary to impress foreign peoples with China's military might. He ruthlessly suppressed pirates who had long plagued Chinese and southeast Asian waters. He also intervened in a civil disturbance in order to establish his authority in Ceylon, and he made displays of military force when local officials threatened his fleet in Arabia and east Africa. From his fourth voyage, he brought envoys from thirty states who travelled to China and paid their respects at the Ming court.
In 1424, the Yongle Emperor died. His successor, the Hongxi Emperor (1424–1425), decided to curb the influence at court. Zheng He made one more voyage under the Xuand Emperor (1426–1435). Zheng He died during the treasure fleet's last voyage. Although he has a tomb in China, it is empty. He was buried at sea.
Zheng He, on his seven voyages, successfully relocated large numbers of Chinese Muslims to Malacca, Palembang, Surabaya and other places. Malacca became the center of Islamic learning and also a large international Islamic trade center of the southern seas.
His missions showed impressive demonstrations of organizational capability and technological might, but did not lead to significant trade, since Zheng He was an admiral and an official, not a merchant. Chinese merchants continued to trade in Japan and Southeast Asia, but Imperial officials gave up any plans to maintain a Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean and even destroyed most of the nautical charts that Zheng He had carefully prepared. The decommissioned treasure ships sat in harbours until they rotted away, and Chinese craftsmen forgot the technology of building such large ships.
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Geologically, the Malay archipelago is one of the most active vulcanological regions in the world. Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia on the island of Borneo with a height of 4,101 metres and also Puncak Jaya in Irian Jaya, Indonesia at 4,884 metres, on the island of New Guinea.
Boundaries
The Australasian continental plate defines a region adjacent to Southeast Asia, which is also politically separated from the countries of Southeast Asia. But a cultural touch point lies between Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian province of Papua, which shares the island of New Guinea with Papua New Guinea. A considerable colonization effort of Papua is underway.
Climate
The climate of Southeast Asia is mainly tropical – hot and humid all year round. There is a lot of rainfall. Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth. Exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape.
Environment
Wallace's hypothetical line between Australasian and Southeast Asian fauna.
The animals of Southeast Asia are diverse; on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, the Orangutan (man of the forest), the Asian Elephant, the Malayan tapir, the Sumatran Rhinoceros and the Bornean Clouded Leopard can be also found. The bearcat can be found on the island of Palawan.
The Water Buffalo, both domesticated and wild, can be found all over Southeast Asia, where once it was found in much greater extent in South Asia, for example. The mouse deer, a small-tusked deer as large as a toy dog or cat, can be found on Sumatra, Borneo and Palawan Islands. The gaur, a gigantic wild ox larger than even wild Water buffalo, is found mainly in Indochina and Malaysia.
Birds such as the peafowl and drongo live in this subregion as Far East as Indonesia. The babirusa, a four-tusked pig, can be found in Indonesia as well. The hornbill was prized for its beak and used in trade with China. The horn of the rhinoceros, not part of its skull, was prized in China as well.
The Wallace Line splits the Indonesian Archipelago. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. The shallow waters of the Southeast Asian coral reefs have the highest levels of biodiversity for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish and molluscs abound. The whale shark can be found in the South China Sea.
The trees and other plants of the region are tropical; in some countries where the mountains are tall enough, temperate-climate vegetation can be found. These rainforest areas are currently being logged-over, especially in Borneo.
While Southeast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, Southeast Asia is facing severe deforestation, which causes habitat loss for various endangered species such as orangutan and the Sumatran tiger. At the same time, haze has been a regular occurrence. The worst regional haze occurred in 1998 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze. In reaction, several countries in Southeast Asia signed the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in order to combat haze pollution.
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- When is the best time to visit the Trading Route?
- What to bring? (Types of food?)
- How to trade?
- What to expect on the journey? (Dangers of the Routes... ...are there bandits?)
- Do's and Don'ts for the traveller (e.g.: pack lightly)Do you need guides?
- A chain of volcanic mountains, 70 of which are active, dominates the southern islands. Large areas of rain forest cover the northern islands.
- Indonesia's complex and varied culture has been established by extreme patterns of human migration. It is the fourth most populous country in the world, with over 300 different ethnic groups observing greatly varying cultures and religious practices.
- Main roads in major cities are reasonably well maintained but the condition of smaller and rural roads is often not good. Vehicles travel on the left. Air and bus services are more reliable and comfortable than the somewhat limited train system. Popular airlines include Indonesia Air Asia, Cathay Pacific, JAL, Qantas, China Airlines and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines. Boats and ferries are usually too crowded to be considered entirely safe.
- The government is traditionally unstable and travellers should follow political developments and assess the security situation daily. Petty criminals work the cities; violent crime levels are high in some areas.
- A tropical climate produces a wet monsoon season (November to March) and dry monsoon season (April to October). April to May and September to October are the best times to visit. The average temperature year round is 25 C-30 C (77 F-86 F). Modest, lightweight cotton clothing is recommended but the weather in Indonesia can change quickly so be prepared.
- Although the currency exchange rate is quite favourable for most Westerners, bargaining is still customary. There are a few Western-style stores in Jakarta and larger cities, but open marketplaces abound and offer a more representative cultural experience.
- Indonesians are natural artisans and a huge range of woodcarving, art, textiles, clothing and crafts is available. Indonesian cuisine, varying by region, is flavourful and inexpensive. Avoid drinking local water (including ice cubes); bottled water and soft drinks are safer.
- Telecommunications and postal services are adequate and available in cities and large towns. Bahasa Indonesian is the official language throughout the archipelago and English is not widely spoken, especially outside of large cities or tourist areas.
When planning your trip, make sure that you find out about the wet and dry seasons, or other possible weather conditions that may affect your holiday. If you are using a travel agent then make sure that you ask about this, even though they should tell you.
· Ask your agent, or other sources to find out whether the hotel or even the destination has any work going on. Again the agent should tell you, however he/she may have over looked the hotel that is being built right next door.
· If you are travelling to an area that may be considered a 'hot zone' (possibly dangerous) then check with your insurance company to verify whether you will be covered in case something goes wrong. If they do not, and you still want to travel, then find one that will.
· If your itinerary may change, ensure that there are absolutely no charges if you do change the dates or times of flights. Ask your agent to fully explain the restrictions that may appear, on your ticket, to ensure that they meet with your needs.
· If you are flying with one of the alliances, such as Star or One World. Just verify with your agent what plane is going to be used. They should tell you, but it is surprising how often you will see people complaining that they expected to be on a Singapore Airline plane, not the Lufthansa one that they find themselves on. This is the result of the code share agreements that the airlines are using.
· If money is valuable and if you are buying a plane ticket on a certain airline and have been told that due to these code sharing agreements you will actually be flying on another airline. Then call around or check if you can buy any cheaper tickets on the actual airline that you will be flying. Believe it or not code share does not mean price share and you may be able to find much cheaper.
· It is recommended to buy your holiday using a credit card. This gives you the comfort of official records, and also additional insurance that comes with the card. One of the best for travel is American Express, where you can also transfer your points to your frequent flier programme.
Whenever you arrive in any country, whether it be by boat, plane or whatever you are vulnerable. You have all your cash, cards, documents and anything else valuable on you right at that moment. It is even worse if you have never been there before and look like you haven't, there are always people who are willing to "help". Every precaution you take will help to avoid any potential problems. After all you do not want someone to "help" themselves to your belongings, when you have just arrived. Here are a few tips that should help. Before leaving for your trip, try to get some prior information as to the rough layout of the airport where you will be arriving. This will help, to have a vague sense of where you should be going and where the taxis are located etc.
whenever possible, especially in certain countries we recommend taking either the airport limousine, or a hotel pick up.
Never take a taxi that seems just to be hanging around, offering its services when there is a taxi queue available.
Try to keep your wallet and valuables safely secured in a locked handbag or in one of your hand luggage.
Change some money into the local currency before you depart. This gives you one less thing to worry about, and will stop you from pulling a large amount of money out at the airport arrivals.
Keep a small amount of this local currency, easily accessible in a pocket or something, and away from the majority of your well-earned money. You will need sufficient for the ride into town, a tip (perhaps) and a little for unforeseen needs like toll ways or a bottle of water.
If you have not been able to find anything out about the airport that you are visiting then ask one of the airline staff, or the government tourism booth (if they have one at the airport) for some assistance, or tips on the best way of travelling.
Most countries really are very safe, but in others it is really very advisable to take to take as many precautions as possible. No matter what, the most important is that you have a great holiday.